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发表于 2013-2-17 02:12:24
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法律文件的翻译，必须非常严谨。因此必须特别重视资料的查证，不能想当然。
以下是我在翻译某文件（中翻英）时查到的一篇资料。
上海市行政法制研究所译审外事室 （总第14期） 2003年 10月 20日出版
[译文规范]
1. 规章条标中“目的”、“适用范围”和“定义”翻译的统一
在规章条标的翻译中，“目的”一词的常见译文有“Purpose”、“Purposes”和“Purposes of Formulation”等，“适用范围”的常见译文有“Scope of Application”、“Application Scope”和“Scope and Application”等，“定义”的常见译文有“Definition”和“Meaning”等。现决定统一如下：“目的”一词为“Purpose”（当条款中包含的目的为两个及以上时相应地用“Purposes”，“适用范围”为“Application Scope”，“定义”为“Definition”（当条款中包括两个及以上词的定义时相应地用“Definitions”）。
2. “下同”翻译的统一
在法规、规章和规范性文件的翻译中，“下同”一词常见的译文有“the same below”、“same below”和“similarly hereinafter”等。现决定将之译文统一为“similarly hereinafter”。
3. 关于“小康”翻译的统一
在规范性文件的翻译中，“小康”一词常见的译文有“comparatively well-off”、“moderately well-off”和“comfortably well-off”等, 现依据中共十六大英文翻译组的译文将其统一为“well-off”，前面不加任何副词 。“小康社会”译为“a well-off society”，“人民生活总体上达到小康水平”译为“On the whole, the people have reached a well-off standard of living”，“全面建设小康社会”译为“build a well-off society in an all-round way”。
[专家论坛]
本栏目专门刊登专家的翻译心得、体会及研究成果，旨在为法规、规章翻译的研究提供一个相互交流、探讨的园地。
本栏目热忱欢迎各位翻译和译审专家的来稿，稿酬从优。
中华人民共和国《民法通则》AAA英译本比较评析（续）
陈忠诚
（接总第11期）
原文： 第四节 个体工商户、农村承包经营户
译文：Section IV Individual Businesses and Lease-holding Farm Households （LAB）
Section IV Individual Industrial and Commercial Households and Rural Contracting households （CCH）
Section IV Individual Industrial and Commercial Households and Rural Contract Responsibility Households （CLR）
述评：（1）“工商户”就是“从事工商的一户人家”吗？如果不是（比如说“五反”中的“守法户”、“基本守法户”的“户”就有许多不是一家一户的“户”）则所有两种译文（CCH和CLR）用了“household”都是不贴切的；
（2）反之，假定“household”在译文中指的就是“户”，那么不止一人的户从事工商业的，不就是“Industrial and Commercial Household”吗？果然，则还要按上“individual”干什么？――难道还有“state household”或“collective household”必须与之划清政策界线的么？！
（3）至于LAB作“Individual Business”，自然比较好；但“individual”也可被理解为“个别的”，如何排除这种可能呢？
至于“农村承包经营户”，则LAB所译“Leasehold Farm household”乃“土地承租农户”，与原意未尽切合；CLR译名中的“Contract Responsibility”乃“承包上的责任”而不是“责任承包”――“责任承包”该译作“Responsibility Contract”的吧；CCH最简洁。
（4）为了表明并非看人挑担、指手划脚，特献丑如下，请批评指正：
Industrial and Commercial Proprietorships, Rural Contractors
上列试译中的“proprietorship”的词义如下：
proprietorship, or sole proprietorship, occasionally, an unincorporated business owned solely by one person.
-Cochran”s Law Lexicon
原文：第二十六条 公民在法律允许的范围内，依法经核准登记，从事工商业经营的，为个体工商户。个体工商户可以起字号。
译文：Article 26. "Individual businesses" refers to businesses run by individual citizens who have been lawfully registered and approved to engage in industrial or commercial operation within the sphere permitted by law. An individual business may adopt a shop name.(LAB)
Article 26. A citizen who, within the scope permitted by the law and following examination, approval and registration according to law, engage in industrial or commercial business is an individual industrial and commercial household. An individual industrial and commercial household may adopt a business name.(CCH)
Article 26. Industrial or commercial households are citizens who have, within the scope permitted by law, undergone approval and registration to engage in industrial or commercial operation. Individual industrial or commercial households may take a trade name. (CLR)
述评：（1）LAB所译“individual citizens”中的“individual”是毫无积极作用的累赘；其余两译做“a citizen”和“citizens”则无此弊，值得LAB学习。
（2）本条中原文有三个“工商”，CCH的三处译名有两种译法：译作“industrial or commercial”和“industrial and commercial”自相矛盾。
（3）LAB所译“individual businesses” refers to business run by…是明显错误，应作“Individual business”refers to business run by…或“Individual businesses”refers to businesses run by …才是。
（4）第四节的述评中已涉及的，不赘。
原文：第二十七条 农村集体经济组织的成员，在法律允许的范围内，按照承包合同规定从事商品经营的，为农村承包经营户。
译文：Article 27. "Lease-holding farm households" refers to members of a rural collective economic organization who engage in commodity production under a contract and within the spheres permitted by law. (LAB)
Article 27.A member of a collective rural economic organization who, within the scope permitted by law, engages in commodity business in accordance with the provisions of a contract is a rural contracting household. (CCH)
Article 27. Rural contract management households are members of a rural collective economic organization who, within the scope permitted by law, engage in commodity dealings according to the provisions of a responsibility contract. (CLR)
述评：（1）三家译文又都用了“household(s)”, 显然是对这个词似乎还不认识或不大认识。所以大家一起来认一认：
household1/…/n[…] all the people living together in a house:…
-Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
由此可见，一个人（citizen, member）一般不是全家（household）――除非每人等于每家、每户。“A citizen (member) …is …household”一般是文理不通的说法，从而其所派生的复数形式（citizens或members…are…households），也只好不通了。这就进一步明确：“household”是很不恰当的。
（2）这就是说，唯有以“proprietorship”取代“household”才是出路。
原文：第二十八条 个体工商户、农村承包经营户的合法权益，受法律保护。
译文：Article 28. The legitimate rights and interests of individual businesses and lease-holding farm households shall be protected by law. （LAB）
Article 28. The legitimate rights and interests of individual industrial and commercial households and rural contracting households are protected by law. (CCH)
Article 28. The legitimate rights and interests of individual industrial and commercial households and rural contract management households are protected by law. (CLR)
述评：（1）问题还在这两个“户”该如何译――见“第四节”述评栏。
（2）老问题：shall be protected(LAB)，还是are protected(CCH/CLR)？
原文：第二十九条 个体工商户、农村承包经营户的债务，个人经营的，以个人财产承担；家庭经营的，以家庭财产承担。
译文：Article 29. The debts of an individual business or a lease-holding farm household shall be secured with the individual's property if the business is operated by an individual and with the family's property if the business is operated by a family. （LAB）
Article 29. The debts of an individual industrial and commercial households and rural contracting households shall, where such enterprises are individually operated, be undertaken with the property of the individual. Where operation is by a household, they shall be undertaken with the property of the household. (CCH)
Article 29. The debts of an individual industrial and commercial households which is operated by an individual shall be assumed by the property of the individual; those of a household operated by a family shall be assumed by the property of the family. (CLR)
述评：既称household则当然由household负责，怎么去要family负责（承担）了呢？当然是必须由household担保的！但LAB和CLR偏偏违反了这个极其简单的道理。好在至少这一点上CCH没有与LAB和CLR一般见识――请看CCH的最后一句译文（为了引起大家注意，再抄录如下）：
Where operation is by a household, they shall be undertaken with the property of the household。
必须再次指出：此处用“household”本来就不恰当。
原文：第五节 个人合伙
译文：Section V Individual Partnership（LAB）
Section V Partnership between Individuals (CCH)
Section V Individual Partnerships*[*he-huo] (CLR)
述评：（1）还是CCH多动了一点脑筋，所以它的译法不是仅仅把汉语“个人”+“合伙”=“Individual partnership”那样堆砌式的逐字硬译――译出来了可以被理解为“（一些）个别的合伙”；它采用了经过融会贯通后的“Partnership between Individuals”，值得肯定弘扬。可惜，CCH译者不懂英语大写规则――在这里，“between”虽然是介词，却是7个以上字母拼成的，因此在大写的标题中是必须大写为“Between”的――但必须明确：CCH是在立了一个大功的同时犯了一个小错。
（2）“个人合伙”之翻译“困难”，亦来自立法原文。因为各国立法，合伙以个人间者为常，而且首先是自然人的合伙；因此，“个人合伙”中“个人”两字实属画蛇添足，多此一举。从译者来看，只须朴实地译作“Partnership”就是。为迁就目前立法水平，不妨把“个人合伙”译作“Citizen-Citizen Partnerships”，大家看行不行。
反正“individual partnership(s)”不是“个人合伙”而是“个别的合伙（组织）”！
原文：第三十条 个人合伙是指两个以上公民按照协议，各自提供资金、实物、技术等，合伙经营、共同劳动。
译文：Article 30. "Individual partnership" refers to two or more citizens associated in a business and working together, with each providing funds, material objects, techniques and so on according to an agreement.（LAB）
Article 30. Partnership between individuals refers to two or more citizens operating in partnership or working together in accordance with an agreement, with each contributing such things as funds, property and technology. (CCH)
Article 30. An individual partnership is indicted by two or more citizens, in accordance with an agreement, each contributing capital, goods, technology, etc., managing operations and working together as partners. (CLR)
述评：（1）本条是所谓“个人合伙”的定义条款；但立法者以作为定义对象的概念“合伙”给该对象“合伙”下定义，从而犯了定义的常见错误，这就给翻译工作制造了先天的、难以克服的困难。
（2）本条译文以CLR为最次――简直是词的堆砌！
（3）法律翻译的原则之一是尽量避免使用被动语态。CLR中的“is operated by”完全是多余的，至少应改为“indicates”（如果必须使用这个动词），以正译风。
原文：第三十一条 合伙人应当对出资数额、盈余分配、债务承担、入伙、退伙、合伙终止等事项，订立书面协议。
译文：Article 31. Partners shall make a written agreement covering the funds each is to provide, the distribution of profits, the responsibility for debts, the entering into and withdrawal from partnership, the ending of partnership and other such matters.（LAB）
Article 31. The partners must conclude a written agreement on such matters as amount of capital contribution, distribution of profits, responsibility for debts, entry into and withdrawal from the partnership and termination of the partnership. (CCH)
Article 31. Partners should conclude a written agreement as to such matters as capital contribution; allocation of surplus; responsibility for debts; and entry into, withdrawal from and termination of the partnership and other matters. (CLR)
述评：（1）CLR以“should”译“应该”，犯了一个常识性的错误，可见其法律翻译基本功之欠缺。此外，LAB（作shall）和CCH（作must）亦可为CLR的误译佐旁证。
（2）其他可讨论的具体问题不难从以上列三译与下列参考译文的比较中得知：
The partners shall conclude a written agreement on amounts of capital contribution, profit distribution, debt sharing, and entry into, withdrawal from, and termination of, the partnership.
原文：第三十二条 合伙人投入的财产，由合伙人统一管理和使用。
合伙经营积累的财产，归合伙人共有。
译文：Article 32. The property provided by the partners shall be under their unified management and use.
The property accumulated in a partnership operation shall belong to all the partners. （LAB）
Article 32. Property invested by the partners shall be administrated and utilized jointly by the partners.
Property accumulated through the business activities of a partnership is owned jointly by the partners. (CCH)
Article 32. Property invested by the partners shall be under unified management and utilization of the partners.
Property accumulated from the operation of a partnership shall be under the partners’ joint possession. (CLR)
述评：（1）本条共两款均系规定合伙制度的法律规则（rule of law）而不是合伙人的行为规则（rule of conduct），因此全部5个“shall”全是误用；唯CCH的第二款不用“shall be owned？（而用“is owned”）”，才是正确的译法。
（2）“possession”与“ownership”――“占有”与“所有”――是两个截然不同的民事法律概念；另一方面，原文“归合伙人共有”的“共有”乃“共同所有”而不是“共同占有”之略。奈CLR竟把两者混为一谈――把“共同所有”理解为“共同占有”并作如是译（“joint possession”），其缺法律常识实在是令人吃惊。其实，有些财产虽很容易共同所有，却很难共同占有――如一只钻戒；果然，如法律规定凡合伙财产必须属“joint possession”，岂非强人所难？！…….。令人高兴的是，其他两译已正确译出了法律的原意。
原文：第三十三条 个人合伙可以起字号，依法经核准登记，在核准登记的经营范围内从事经营。
译文：Article 33. An individual partnership may adopt a shop name; it shall be approved and registered in accordance with the law and conduct business operations within the range as approved and registered.（LAB）
Article 33. A partnership between individuals may adopt a business name and, following examination, approval and registration according to the law, may engage in business within the scope approved and registered (CCH)
Article 33. An individual partnership may take a trade name and, having undergone the approval and registration provided by law, shall engage in operations within the scope of the approval and registration. (CLR)
述评：（1）CLR以“undergone”译“经核准登记”的“经”，似未曾或见，且意味着partnership是不大原意办理“核准登记”，或虽办理了“核准登记”却不高兴，有畏难情绪。不信请看：
undergo … to experience (especially something unpleasant, unwelcome or difficult): She’s undergoing treatment in hospital. The company has undergone some major changes in the last five years.
-Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
undergo … 1.To experience; be subject to.
2. To endure, suffer …
-The American Heritage Dictionary
（2）“partnership”后用介词“between”[CCH]，意味着仅指两者间的关系，不妥。应是众合伙人间之关系，宜用“among”！
（3）LAB以“shop name”译“字号”，其义域太狭，似以作“firm name”为是。
（4）三译中比较可取的，还是CCH。但如前所述，“between individuals”大可不必。
原文：第三十四条 个人合伙的经营活动，由合伙人共同决定，合伙人有执行和监督的权利。
合伙人可以推举负责人。合伙负责人和其他人员的经营活动，由全体合伙人承担民事责任。
译文：Article 34. The operational activities of an individual partnership shall be decided jointly by the partners, who each shall have the right to carry out and supervise those activities.
The partners may elect a responsible person. All partners shall bear civil liability for the operational activities of the responsible person and other personnel. （LAB）
Article 34. The business activities of a partnership between individuals shall be decided jointly by the partners. The partners shall have both executive and supervisory rights.
The partners in a partnership may elect a managing partner. Civil liability for the business activities of the managing partners and other personnel is borne jointly by all the partners. (CCH)
Article 34. The operational activities of an individual partnership shall be jointly decided by the partners who shall have the right to implement and to supervise them.
Partners may choose a responsible person; the entire partnership shall bear civil responsibility for the operating activities of the responsible partner and of other personnel. (CLR)
述评：（1）英语有一句话――
Literal translation [逐字翻译] is not always the closest to the original meaning.
-LDoCE
却说汉语“经营活动”译作“operational activities”(CCH)或“operating activities”(LCR)不如译作“operations”。因为“operation”就是一种活动；“LAB”作“business activities”比其他两译入耳，但“activities”实无必要。
（2）原文“有……权利”，三译中倒有两译（LAB和CLR）用了“shall have the right …”。把权利当作义务来译，自然只能陷于谬误。CCH不用“shall”而只用“have … rights”，这就对了。请其他“shall”无滥用。
（3）第二款所推举的负责人，应理解为具有合伙人身份，而不是非合伙人。果然，则译文中必须明确这一点（among themselves）。从现有的三种译文来来看，负责人未必是合伙人。
（4）“全体合伙人”涵盖的是每一个合伙人，而绝非合伙组织。因此，CLR译作“entire partnership”从而抹杀了“合伙”的特色，当然是错误的；LAB和CCH两译均作“all (the) partners”是正确的译法。
（5）其他细节未及一一备说，让下列译文来反映吧，欢迎指正：
Partnership operations are to be decided jointly by all the partners; the partners have executive and supervisory powers.
The partners may elect among themselves a person in charge. All the partners are civilly liable for business activities of the partner in charge and others.
原文：第三十五条 合伙的债务，由合伙人按照出资比例或者协议的约定，以各自的财产承担清偿责任。
合伙人对合伙的债务承担连带责任，法律另有规定的除外。偿还合伙债务超过自己应当承担数额的合伙人，有权向其他合伙人追偿。
译文：Article 35. A partnership's debts shall be secured with the partners' property in proportion to their respective contributions to the investment or according to the agreement made.
Partners shall undertake joint liability for their partnership's debts, except as otherwise stipulated by law. Any partner who overpays his share of the partnership's debts shall have the right to claim compensation from the other partners. （LAB）
Article 35. Liability for the debts of a partnership shall be undertaken by the partners with their respective property, according to the proportion of their contributed capital.
The partners shall undertake joint liability for the debts of a partnership, unless otherwise stipulated by law. Any partner whose repayment of a debt of the partnership exceed his personal liability has the right to seek compensation from the other partners. (CCH)
Article 35. Each partner shall undertake responsibility for satisfacation of the partnership’s debts out of his own property according to the ratio of the capital contributions or as stipulated in the agreement made.
Except as otherwise stipulated by law, the partners undertake joint liability for the debts of the partnership. A partner who has repaid partnership debts in excess of the amount he should undertake to pay as a partner shall has the right to pursue compensation from the other partner(s). (CLR)
述评：上列三译的一些具体问题为节约篇幅恕不一一细说。请读者通过与下列试译的比较得知。――要害问题在于三译本译者中竟无一人能正确译出“连带责任”！！！
A partner is liable to satisfy, out of his own property, partnership debts in proportion to his capital contribution or as stipulated by agreement.
Absent any statutory requirement, partners are liable for partnership debts jointly and severally. A partner who has satisfied the partnership debts in excess of his due share has the right of recourse to other partners for reimbursement.
瞧，“连带责任”的“连带”作“joint and several”――这是笔者于1944年在上海东吴大学法学院法律系（二年级）学习时学到的，现在还不敢忘记。 |
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